Campaign Timeline


Campaign Timeline with Adventures




Year            Date                    Event
1508          10 DEC                 War of the League of Cambrai: Representatives of the Papacy, France, and the Holy Roman Empire and Ferdinand I of Spain established the League of Cambrai, whose purpose was to defeat Venice and partition its territory.
1514         18 MAY                 Claude duchess of Brittany married Francis of Angoulême, the heir to the French throne.
1515          01 JAN                  Louis died. Francis of Angoulême succeeded him as Francis I.
1524          20 JUL                  Claude died. Her eldest son Francis, Dauphin of France, became Duke of Brittany.
1532                                        Francis I issued an edict incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France.
1547         31 MAR                 Francis I died. He was succeeded by his son Henry II.
1559          10 JUL                  Henry II died. He was succeeded by his son Francis II.
1560           5 DEC                  Francis II died. With no heir, he was succeeded by his brother Charles IX.
1572                                        St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of French Protestants.
1589          2 AUG                  Henry III died with no heir, thus ending the reign of the Capetian dynasty. He was succeeded by Henry IV, the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty.
1593                                        Gaston Thibeault born in Amiens France
1596            APR                    The Siege of Calais (1596) was an action between APR 8 and APR 24 1596 as part of the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) in which the Spanish conquered the city from the French. One of the junior officers in the Spanish army was Guy Fawkes.
1597                                        The Siege of Amiens between MAR 11 and SEP 25, 1597, was a battle fought during the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) as part of the French Wars of Religion. It was a French victory.
1598          13 APR                 Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to end both the French civil war of religion and the Franco-Spanish war..
1600                                        Guy de Bourges born.
1600             JUL                    The Battle of Nieuwpoort, between a Dutch army under Maurice of Nassau and Francis Vere and a Spanish army under Albert of Austria, took place on 2 JUL 1600 near the present-day Belgian city Nieuwpoort.
1600          19 Nov                  Charles, the future king of England was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife in Scotland
1600          31 DEC                 English East India Company founded
1601          25 FEB                  Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, having been found guilty of treason for his part in the revolt was executed as a traitor
1602         20 MAR                 Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded; Amsterdam stock exchange formed to trade in VOC stock and bonds
1603         24 MAR                 Death of Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's health was failing and before her death she reportedly named James of Scotland as her successor
1605            FEB                    Dutch East India Company (VOC) admiral Steven van der Hagen conquers Portuguese fortress of Victoria at Amboyna; VOC takes over the Portuguese trading interests there
1609                                        Henry Hudson sails up the Hudson River for the Dutch East India Company
1609          09 APR                 Truce signed in Amsterdam provides a cessation of hostilities between the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic.
1610         14 MAY                 King Henry IV died, possibly at the hands of his Florentine wife Marie de' Medici. He was succeeded by his eldest son Louis XIII, with Marie de' Medici ruling as regent.
1612         06 NOV                 Charles' elder brother Henry died of typhoid making Charles heir to the English throne. Elizabeth was Charles' elder sister and her descendants would become future kings of England
1616          23 APR                 Oliver Cromwell was admitted into Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
1616         30 NOV                 Richelieu appointed Secretary of State
1617                                        16-year old Louis exiled his mother and took control of the government.
1617                                        James I travels to Scotland, On his journey to Scotland King James I visited Warkworth Castle. He found it in a state of disrepair and there were sheep and goats living within the rooms.
1618                                        Jan Pieterszoon Coen promoted to head the Dutch East India Company’s eastern operations
1619                                        Re-establishment of Catholic rights in Huguenot Béarn by Louis XIII
1619                                        King James I and the Netherlands States General conclude Treaty of Defence in London outlines cooperation between the English and Dutch East India Companies in the East Indies; establishes a 2-1 ratio for sharing spices in favor of the Dutch
1619          10 JUN                  The Battle of Sablat or Záblatí was fought between a Roman Catholic Imperial army led by Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the Protestant army of Ernst von Mansfeld, who was defeated. Gaston stole a horse to escape death or capture.
1619            AUG                   The Battle of Wisternitz or Dolní Věstonice was fought on AUG 5, 1619 between a Moravian force under Friedrich von Tiefenbach (Teuffenbach)[1] and an Austrian army under Dampierre. The battle was a Moravian victory. Gaston was with the cavalry at this battle.
1620         22 AUG                 Oliver Cromwell marries Elizabeth Bourchier, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a wealthy land owner and London merchant. They were married in St. Gile's Church, Cripplegate.
1620            OCT                    Military annexation of Béarn to France in 1620 and occupation of Pau in OCT 1620 triggers a Huguenot rebellion.
1620                                        First Huguenot rebellion (1620-1622).
1620         08 NOV                 The Battle of White Mountain, 8 NOV 1620 was an early battle in the Thirty Years' War in which an army of 30,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 27,000 men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the German Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly at Bílá Hora, near Prague (now part of the city). The battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War. Rene Descartes was with the Catholic League as an observer. Gaston Thibeault fought on the Protestant side with the remnants of the mercenaries sent by Savoy and originally commanded by Mansfeld.
1621           3 JUN                   Dutch West India Company founded to trade with North America and plunder Spanish shipping in the Caribbean
1621                                        Louis XIII moved to eradicate what he considered an open rebellion against his power. He led an army to the south, capturing the Huguenot city of Saumur.
1621            JUN                    The Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (French: Siège de Saint-Jean-d'Angély) was a siege, (military blockade), accomplished by the young French king Louis XIII in 1621, against the Protestant stronghold of Saint-Jean-d'Angély led by Rohan's brother Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise. Saint-Jean-d'Angély was a strategic city controlling the approach to the Huguenot stronghold of La Rochelle. The city was captured after only 26 days on 24 JUN 1621.
1621             JUL                    The Blockade of La Rochelle (French: Blocus de La Rochelle) took place in 1621-1622 during the repression of the Huguenot rebellion by the French king Louis XIII.
1621      AUG-NOV              The Siege of Montauban (French: Siège de Montauban) was a siege accomplished by the young French king Louis XIII from AUG to NOV 1621, against the Protestant stronghold of Montauban. This siege followed the Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, in which Louis XIII had succeeded against Rohan's brother Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise. Despite a strength of about 25,000 men, Louis XIII was unable to capture the city of Montauban, and he had to raise the siege and abandon after 2 months. Royalist Forces: Three corps were formed to attack at different points of the town; the first was the French Guards and the Swiss Guards reinforced by Piedmont, Normandy, Chappes, and Estissac. The second included Picardy, Champagne, Navarre, Villeroy, and Vaillac. The third grouped together Languedoc, Ranbures, Saint-Etienne, and Lauzieres.
1621            OCT                    The duc de Monmorency reinforces the royal army at Mountaban with 500 horse and 5 Languedoc regiments : Rieux, Reaux, Moussoulens, Fabregues, and La Roquette.
1621          27 OCT                 In La Rochelle, the fleet of the city under Jean Guiton started to harass royal vessels and bases. The Royal fleet finally met head-to-head with the fleet of La Rochelle in the Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 27 OCT 1622 in an inconclusive encounter.
1621 -1622                              The Siege of Jülich was a siege that took place between SEP 5, 1621 and FEB 3, 1622, during the Palatinate campaign of the Thirty Years' War. After five months of siege the Spanish army under Ambrosio Spinola took the Dutch-occupied fortress of Jülich, compelling its garrison to surrender.
1621            OCT                    The Battle of Khotyn (Chocim; in Turkish, Hotin Muharebesi; 2 SEP-9 OCT 1621) was a battle fought between a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army and an invading Ottoman Imperial army. For a whole month (2 SEP-9 OCT), the Commonwealth forces halted the Ottoman advance. The Commonwealth commanding officer, Grand Hetman of Lithuania Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, held the forces of Sultan Osman II at bay until the first autumn snows, and in the end died during the battle. On 9 OCT, due to the lateness of the season and having sustained heavy losses in several assaults on fortified Commonwealth lines, the Ottomans abandoned their siege and the battle ended in stalemate
1622            FEB                    Royal forces: Piedmont (several companies), Riberac, Grignaux, 5 companies of light cavalry, Bordeilles, Curson, Loson, Ramburges, and the cavalry led by the duc d’Elbeuf battle Protestant forces led by the Marquis de la Force. Gaston Thibeault sent as a messenger from the main army, is involved in the battle, saving the life of the Seigneur de Racan and badly wounding the son of the Marquis de la Force.
1622           MAR                   The queen, running through the galleries of the Louvre with Mme de Luynes and Mlle de Verneuil, trips and falls, resulting in a miscarriage. Louis banishes the two ladies from the queen’s court, but later relents, permitting the two young women to visit the queen. The widowed Mme de Luynes marries the duc de Chevreuse later that spring.
1622                                        The duc de Lesdiguières converts to Catholicism and is named constable of France by the king.
1622            APR                    A Huguenot army commanded by the duc de Soubise is trapped in the marshes of the Ile de Riez, near Nantes on the Atlantic coast. Thousands are killed, another thousand drown, and hundreds are taken prisoner, though the duke himself escapes. A handful of the prisoners are hanged, the rest sent to Marseille as galley slaves.
1622            JUN                    The royal army once again turns south, forcing Huguenot towns to submit to the king or face destruction.
1622       10-11 JUN               In JUN, the royal army lays siege to the Protestant stronghold of Nègrepelisse. The assault is led by the Picardy on the left, French Guards in the center, and Navarre on the right. As retribution for the execution of royal soldiers in 1621, Louis orders Nègrepelisse sacked, and on 11 JUN the soldiers massacre the population, including women and children without distinction of age or sex, practically all women were raped, and the town was put to the torch. This siege followed the failed Siege of Montauban. This severe treatment was due to the [possibly false] claim that a Royal regiment left in garrison in the city by the Duke of MAYenne had been exterminated by the citizens. So-called "The Great and Just Punishment of the Rebels of Negrepelisse", the king had ordered: "I command you to give no quarter to any man, because they have irritated me, and shall be served as they have treated the others."   —Louis XIII. The Picardy Regiment, including Gaston and Lucien are there. Lucien is still haunted by the massacre.
1622          18 JUL                  The Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (1622) was a battle during the Eighty Years' War. On 18 JUL 1622, the Spanish general Ambrosio Spinola laid siege to the Dutch city of Bergen op Zoom. The siege will last until OCT. [For game purposes, this siege is played out 1 year late.]
1622           5 Sept                   Under pressure from the queen mother, Louis asks the pope to make the bishop of Luçon a cardinal; on the prelate receives the red hat, after which he is styled Cardinal de Richelieu.
1622         Aug-Oct                 The Siege of Montpellier: In AUG the fortified city of Montpellier is invested by the king’s forces. Rohan begins negotiations with the King.
1622          02 OCT                 The Spanish lift the siege on 2 OCT, as a result of recent defensive constructions and intervention by the Dutch Stadtholder Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange. Maurice of Nassau and his army relieved the city on the next day. The siege cost Spinola 5000 troops.
1622          18 OCT                 The Treaty of Montpellier is signed, ending the hostilities. The Edict of Nantes is reaffirmed, Rohan is pardoned, and the cities of La Rochelle and Montauban are permitted to retain their fortifications; the walls of Montpellier are to be torn down, however. The campaigns against the Huguenots are largely successful; most of the fortified towns held by the Protestants have been forced to tear down their walls and submit themselves to the king’s rule.
1622          27 OCT                 Royal naval forces under the duc de Guise battle sorties by the Huguenot fleet at La Rochelle, commanded by Jean Guiton, culminating in a sharply contested but inconclusive engagment off Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 27 OCT.
1622         01 NOV                 Adventure #1: The Inn of the Hanged Man
1622         14 NOV                 Adventure #2: Parisian Interlude
1622-1623                               In 1622, a collection of licentious poems, "Le Parnasse satyrique", was published under his name, although many of the poems were written by others; Viau denounced by the Jesuits in 1623 and sentenced to appear barefoot before Notre Dame in Paris and to be burned alive.
1622         15 NOV                 Adventure #3: The Man Behind the Mask | Chapter I: “Interview with a Duke”
1622    16 Nov-02 Dec            Adventure #3: The Man Behind the Mask | Chapter II: “The King of Thieves”
1622            DEC                   Adventure #3: The Man Behind the Mask | Chapter III: “The Road to Florence”
1622            DEC                   Adventure #3: The Man Behind the Mask | Chapter IV “City of the Medici”
1622            DEC                   Adventure #3: The Man Behind the Mask | Chapter V: “Coach Chase”
1623                                        Spanish forces occupy the Valtellines, a strategic Alpine valley. In response to this Spanish aggression in northern Italy, France, Savoy, Venice and the Grisons (Swiss Grey League) sign the Treaty of Paris in FEB, with the objective of restoring the Valtellines to the Grisons and removing Spanish forces from this strategic Alpine valley
1623            JAN                    Adventure #3: The Man Behind the Mask | Chapter VI: “The Baron St. Giron”
1623            JAN                    Adventure #3: The Man Behind the Mask | Chapter VII: “The Lady”
1623          15 JAN                  Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter I: “Back in Paris”
1623            JAN                    Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter II: “Valtelline Diplomacy”
1623          25 JAN                  German Jesuit Adam Schall (1591-1666), blocked in Macau, China since 1619, arrives in Beijing, accompanied by Italian Niccolò Longobardi. He amazes the Court of the Ming by predicting the solar eclipse of 8 OCT. He becomes an illustrious mandarin, master of the secrets of the sky in 1653, known as Tang Io Wang.
1623          28 JAN                  Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter III: “To the Rescue”
1623          30 JAN                  Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter IV: “Audience with the Duke DeMainz”
1623          30 JAN                  Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter V: “Tragedy at the Comédie-Française”
1623          31 JAN                  Pope Grégoire XV tolerates the "Malabar rites", inaugurated by Nobili to christianize the hindouistes3 caste.
1623          01 FEB                  Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter VI: “A Thibeault Family Dinner”
1623          03 FEB                  Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter VII: “Duel to the Death”
1623          07 FEB                  Treaty of Paris; Alliance of the France, Savoy, and Venice to subtract the Valtellina in the ambition of the Espagnols14
1623          09 FEB                  Adventure #4: On Guard | Chapter VIII: “Ambush on the Pont Neuf”
1623          10 FEB                  King Philippe IV imposes the closure of brothels in Espagne15
1623          10 FEB                  Adventure #5: Musketeers Reward | Chapter I: “Compliments of a Maréchal of France”
1623          11 FEB                  Adventure #5: Musketeers Reward | Chapter II: “Musketeer’s Revenge”
1623       11-17 FEB               Adventure #6: The Dying Messenger | Chapter I: “Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam!”
1623          17 FEB                  Adventure #6: The Dying Messenger | Chapter II: “Experientia Mundanis”
1623          17 FEB                  Adventure #6: The Dying Messenger | Chapter III: “The Letter”
1623        FEB-OCT                Failure of a diplomatic mission of George Villiers of Buckingham and the prince of Wales in Spain for the marriage between Charles and Infanta Marie16.
1623          18 FEB                  Adventure #7: The Duc de Bellegarde’s Ball | Chapter I: “Arrival at the Ball”
1623          18 FEB                  Adventure #7: The Duc de Bellegarde’s Ball | Chapter II: “The End of the Ball”
1623            FEB                    Ambon Island Massacre, employees of the Dutch East India Company torture and kill 20 men including 10 employees of the English East India Company
1623            FEB                    Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter I: “The Road to Auxerre”
1623            FEB                    Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter II:
1623            FEB                    Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter III:
1623          24 FEB                  Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter IV:
1623          24 FEB                  Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter V:
1623          25 FEB                  Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter VI:
1623          25 FEB                  Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter VII:
1623          25 FEB                  Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter VIII:
1623          25 FEB                  Adventure #8: Auxerre and the Black Riders | Chapter IX: “Riders in the Mist”
1623          25 FEB                  (Regensburg) the electoral dignity of Frederick V, Elector Palatine is transferred to Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria
1623          26 FEB                  Adventure #9: The Road to Autun | Chapter I: “Pursuit”
1623         02 MAR                 Adventure #9: The Road to Autun | Chapter II: “Rescue”
1623         05 MAR                 1st American temperance law enacted, Virginia
1623         05 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter I: “La place du Sang”
1623      05-08 MAR              Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter III: “The Final Secret of La Verdadera Destreza”
1623         07 MAR                 The viceroy of new-Spain Diego Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel ordered the suspension of Mexico drainage works; the following year, a flood causes great damage.
1623         08 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter II: “Escape from La place du Sang”
1623         08 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter V: “A Quiet Walk Home”
1623         09 MAR                 Massacre of Amboina; the Governor of Amboina Herman van Speult, under the pretext of an anti-Hollandais plot, stop, torture, and execute nineteen foreigners, including nine English. The English are expelled from Malay by the Dutch. They must now obtain spices indirectly by the relay of Makassar (Sulawesi).
1623         09 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter IV: “The Fortuneteller
1623         09 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter VI: “The Silver Hedgehog”
1623         09 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter VII: “xxx”
1623         10 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter VIII: “Queen of the Beggars”
1623         11 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter IX: “Of Course You've Heard of Me (Guy Who?)”
1623         12 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter X: “The Comte d'Ehlerange's Secret & Rollo's Revenge”
1623         13 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter IV: “High Noon”
1623         13 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter VI: “Death of Le Boucher”
1623         13 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter VII: “Dinner with the Governor & Duel with Christophe Thévenet”
1623         14 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter VIII: “Unmasking the Masked Man”
1623         14 MAR                 Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter IX: “House of Despair”
1623      15-24 MAR              Adventure #10: Lyon | Chapter X: “Rescue from the Scaffold & Epilogue”
1623         29 MAR                 James I of England, by the Treaty of London, calls Frankenthal into receivership for 18 months at the Spain. APR 25, the palatine garrison out of the city to leave room for that of the Infante Isabelle.
1623       01-03 APR               Adventure #11: Appointment with Two Musketeers
1623          10 APR                 Adventure #12: Tavern Tales
1623       13-27 APR               Adventure #13: Gaston on Trial
1623          28 APR                 Adventure #14: The Mysterious Musketeer | Chapter I: “Celebration”
1623          28 APR                 Adventure #14: The Mysterious Musketeer | Chapter II: “Dark of the Moon”
1623          29 APR                 Admiral  l'Hermite and his fleet of 11 Dutch ships set sail on a circumnavigational voyage westwards from Amsterdam to the western coast of South America with the objective to hunt down Spanish silver ships leaving Peru and to establish a Dutch colony in either Peru or Chile, at that time known as the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1623      01-16 MAY              Adventure #15: The Fencing Tournament
1623         17 MAY                 Adventure #16: The Vicomte's Garden Party | Chapter I: “A Day at the Race”
1623         17 MAY                 Adventure #16: The Vicomte's Garden Party | Chapter II: “Swords by Candlelight”
1623         17 MAY                 Adventure #16: The Vicomte's Garden Party | Chapter III: “Meeting at Midnight”
1623           MAY                   Adventure #17: Vera Miracula | Chapter I: “Black Nose or Black Arts?”
1623           MAY                   Adventure #17: Vera Miracula | Chapter II: “A Good Meal Delayed”
1623         20 MAY                 Adventure #17: Vera Miracula | Chapter III: “Having kissed, why are we thus divided?”
1623      20-22 MAY              Adventure #17: Vera Miracula | Chapter IV: “Double Ambush-Part I”
1623      22-23 MAY              Adventure #17: Vera Miracula | Chapter V: “Double Ambush-Part II”
1623      24-25 MAY              Adventure #17: Vera Miracula | Chapter VI: “A Long Awaited Duel”
1623         26 MAY                 Decree bringing the University of Vienna at the Jesuit college (published OCT 13) 18. The studies are organized according to the plan of saint Ignatius and renowned professors come teach there.
1623      26-27 MAY              Adventure #18: The Poison Ring | Chapter I: “A New Mission”
1623         27 MAY                 Adventure #18: The Poison Ring | Chapter II: “Saturday Night at Court”
1623         27 MAY                 Adventure #18: The Poison Ring | Chapter III: “The Fourth Murder”
1623         27 MAY                 Adventure #18: The Poison Ring | Chapter IV: “A Suspect in Custody”
1623         27 MAY                 Adventure #18: The Poison Ring | Chapter V: “A Captured Spy”
1623      29-31 MAY              Adventure #19: The Missing Master | Chapter I: “Melée & Disappearance”
1623  31 MAY-01 JUN          Adventure #19: The Missing Master | Chapter I: “Search”
1623          01 JUN                  Adventure #19: The Missing Master | Chapter I: “Rescue”
1623       02-06 JUN               Adventure #20: Envoy & Entourage
1623       07-13 JUN               Adventure #21: The Werewolf of Blackwood
1623          14 JUN                  1st American breach-of-promise lawsuit: Rev Gerville Pooley, VA vs Cicely Jordan, he loses
1623            JUN                    Book 6 | Adventure #27: The Seamstress | Chapter I: “Birthday of a Duchess”
1623            JUN                    Book 6 | Adventure #27: The Seamstress | Chapter II: “Unexpected Visitors”
1623       14-18 JUN               Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter I: “Bavay”
1623            JUN                    Book 6 | Adventure #27: The Seamstress | Chapter I: “Unexpected Visitors”
1623       18-20 JUN               Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter II: “Palaises de Croy et de Coudenberg”
1623          20 JUN                  Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter III: “A Giant Fit”
1623       21-22 JUN               Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter IV: “The Secret Prison Part I”
1623          23 JUN                  Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter V: “The Secret Prison Part II”
1623       23-24 JUN               Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter VI: “Rescue and Parade”
1623          24 JUN                  Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter VII: “Assassins”
1623          25 JUN                  Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter VIII: “A Duel and a Poem”
1623       24-26 JUN               Adventure #22: The Spanish Netherlands | Chapter IX: “Missed Target”
1623       27-30 JUN               Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter I: “On the Road to Breda”
1623          29 JUN                  Creation of the University of Altdorf
1623       01-02 JUL               Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter II: “Beatijs van Tilborgh”
1623       03-06 JUL               Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter III: “Ambush!”
1623       06-07 JUL               Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter IV: “Dinner, Stories, and Poems at Castle Muiderslot”
1623          08 JUL                  Pope Gregory XV dies
1623          11 JUL                  Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter V: “Duck, Goose, and Fox”
1623          11 JUL                  Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter VI: “Spanish Net, Dutch Riot”
1623          11 JUL                  Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter VII: “Assassins and Traitors Revealed”
1623          12 JUL                  Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter VIII: “The Return of Frederick Bolmer”
1623       12-13 JUL               Adventure #23: The Dutch Republic | Chapter IX: “Wonders of the World”
1623       13-14 JUL               Adventure #24: Sea Chase | Chapter I” “Storms at Sea”
1623       15-16 JUL               Adventure #24: Sea Chase | Chapter II” “Broadside”
1623          17 JUL                  Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter I: “Blackened Windmills”
1623          18 JUL                  Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter II: “Escape Part I & II”
1623          19 JUL                  Fifty-five Cardinals come into conclave in Rome to elect a successor to Pope Gregory XV
1623       19-31 JUL               Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter III: “Under Siege”
1623         01 AUG                 Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter IV: “Sabotage”
1623      02-03 AUG              Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter V: “The Mad Bomber”
1623      02, 06 AUG              Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter VI: “Punch ‘em in the Stomach”
1623         06 AUG                 Cardinal Maffeo Barberini, descendant of a noble florentine family, was elected Pope, and accepting his election he took the name of Urban VIII (end of the papacy in 1644) 20.
1623         06 AUG                 Tilly invaded Lower Saxony with the army of the Catholic League and crushes Brunswick at the battle of Stadtlohn
The circle of Lower Saxony made peace with the emperor.
1623       07 Augutst               Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter VII: “The Play’s the Thing”
1623      08-14 AUG              Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter VIII: “The Bastion”
1623      08-14 AUG              Adventure #26: Return to France | Chapter I: Zealand and Calais
1623         14 AUG                 The prince of Transylvania Bethlen Gabor rises again against the Emperor Ferdinand II and invaded the Royal Hungary. It then advances to Brno, in Moravia, at the head of an army of sixty thousand men, but can operate its junction with the troops of Duke Christian of Brunswick. Abandoned by the Turks, he retired on 20 NOV and must conclude peace in Vienna (MAY 8, 1624)
1623    After 14 AUG            Alexander the child becomes Prince of Wallachia
1623         15 AUG                 Adventure #26: Return to France | Chapter II: Revenge for Laurence!
1623      15-16 AUG              Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter IX: “Night Sortie”
1623      17-21 AUG              Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter X: “Treason”
1623      22-29 AUG              Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter XI: “A Shot in the Dark”
1623       AUG-SEP               After Stadtlohn, Mansfeld who retired on Meppen on the announcement of the arrival of Tilly in Lower-Saxony, dates the Ems to Leer, while Tilly forbade him the path to the boheme23.
1623    30 Aug-4 Sept            Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter XII: “The Wooden Fish Part I”
1623         4-5 SEP                 Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter XIII: “The Wooden Fish Part II”
1623          10 SEP                  The Ottoman sultan Mustafa I was again deposed by the janissaries. The deposed Sultan is paraded in the capital on a donkey in laughter before being executed. The new Sultan, Murat IV reigned under the guardianship of his mother Kösem..
1623             SEP                    Adventure #28: Sacrilege | Chapter I: “Nobody Expects the Inquisition”
1623             SEP                    Adventure #28: Sacrilege | Chapter II: “Cat and Mouse”
1623          17 SEP                  Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter XIV: “Tide of Battle
1623          24 SEP                  Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter XV: “Treason at the Gate
1623          02 OCT                 Adventure #25: Bergen op Zoom | Chapter XVI: “Victory
1623          09 OCT                 Adventure #26: Return to France | Chapter III: “Corsairs”
1623       10-17 OCT               Adventure #26: Return to France | Chapter IV: “The Duke DeMainz”
1623            OCT                    Adventure #32: Corsair Trouble | Chapter I: “Amiens”
1623            OCT                    In early 1623, Prince Charles, now 22, and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Spain incognito, to win the Infanta directly, but the mission proved an ineffectual mistake. The Infanta detested Charles, and the Spanish confronted them with terms that included the repeal of anti-Catholic legislation by Parliament. Though a treaty was signed, the prince and duke returned to England in OCT without the Infanta and immediately renounced the treaty, much to the delight of the British people.
1623          21 OCT                 Adventure #29: Paris Entertainment | Chapter I: “Scavenger Hunt”
1623          22 OCT                 Adventure #29: Paris Entertainment | Chapter II: “Assassin’s Ambush”
1623       22-27 OCT               Adventure #29: Paris Entertainment | Chapter III: “Pride Goeth Before a Fall”
1623          31 OCT                 Adventure #29: Paris Entertainment | Chapter IV: “Masquerade: All Hallows Eve”
1623          31 OCT                 Adventure #29: Paris Entertainment | Chapter V: “Masquerade: One Death Two Many”
1623          31 OCT                 Adventure #29: Paris Entertainment | Chapter VI: “Masquerade: To Kill a Cardinal”
1623            NOV                   Adventure #29: Paris Entertainment | Chapter VII: “All the World’s a Stage”
1623         01 NOV                 Fire at Plymouth, Massachusetts destroys several buildings
1623         02 NOV                 Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter I: “The Case Opens”
1623         03 NOV                 Victory of the emir Fakhr-al-Din II at the battle of Anjar in the Liban7.
1623        mid-NOV                Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter II: “Positions of Eminence”
1623        end-NOV                Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter III: “Dead Drop”
1623         28 NOV                 The Safavids resume Baghdad at the Ottomans8.
1623         Nov-Dec                 Adventure #32: Corsair Trouble | Chapter II: “On the High Seas”
1623            DEC                    Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter IV: “To Catch a Crook”
1623          04 DEC                 Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter V: “Tavern Brevage Noir”
1623          11 DEC                 Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter VI: “The Buzzard’s Nest”
1623          11 DEC                 Emperor Ferdinand II declares the bankruptcy of the State (Munzcalada) following the monetary crisis in Autriche24. The devaluation is due to the emission of ridges and inflation. A new currency is established.
1623          15 DEC                 Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter VII: “A Really Big Show”
1623          22 DEC                 As part of the Dutch–Portuguese War, a Dutch fleet sails from Texel under command of Admiral Jacob Willekens and Vice Admiral Pieter Heyn; fleet consists 35 ships, 13 Dutch national vessels the rest owned by the WIC, and 6,500 men; they arrive at Cape Verde after being scattered by a storm
1623          24 DEC                 Mansfeld tries to escape from East Frisia; his avant-guard is removed to Friesoythe by the baron of Anholt.
1623          25 DEC                 Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter VIII: “Year’s End Christmas
1623          31 DEC                 Adventure #30: The Case of the Criminal Curate | Chapter IX: “Collette’s Report”
1624          8 MAY                  Dutch fleet led by Admiral Jacob Willekens and Vice Admiral Pieter Heyn appears off Salvador da Bahia (also known as Jornada del Brasil in Spanish, or Jornada dos Vassalos in Portuguese); one squadron lands troops under the command of Colonel Johan van Dorth on the beach of Santo António; the troops surround the town while a second squadrons shells it.
Portuguese governor Diogo de Mendonça Furtado surrenders the town and its valuable sugar plantations.
Willekens and Heyn install a garrison led by Dorth before departing on new missions. Dutch garrison soon harassed by the local guerrilla organized by Bishop Dom Marcos Teixeira
1623          22 DEC                 Capture of Bahia 22 DEC-Dutch victory in the.
1624       06-07 JAN               Adventure #31: Broken Leg or Jaw, Your Choice | Chapter I: “The Apology”
1624          10 JAN                  Adventure #31: Broken Leg or Jaw, Your Choice | Chapter II: “Pit Fight”
1624            JAN                    Adventure #31: Broken Leg or Jaw, Your Choice | Chapter III: “Loose Ends”
1624            JAN                    Adventure #31: Broken Leg or Jaw, Your Choice | Chapter IV: “The Recent Huguenot Rebellion”
1624          15 JAN                  Adventure #31: Broken Leg or Jaw, Your Choice | Chapter V: “Rivalry”
1624                                        Planning and solicitation of funds is underway to send ships to the New World to found a new settlement; the settlers will need approvals and permissions. This MAY interest Cardinal Richelieu and attract his support.
1624                                        French traders from Rouen attempt a settlement near Cayenne in what is now French Guiana. They are forced to leave in the face of hostility from the Portuguese, who view it as a violation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
1624                                        In early 1624 Admiral L'Hermite’s Dutch fleet pass Cape Horn through Lemaire Channel and explore and chart the Hermite Islands.
1624                                        Disillusioned by their failed visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham turn James's Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the Habsburg empire. To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed upon James to call another Parliament to obtain funds for war.
1624            JAN                    Adventure #33: Winter of the Wolf | Chapter I: “First Bite of Winter”
1624       01-02 FEB               Adventure #33: Winter of the Wolf | Chapter I: “Soisson”
1624          02 FEB                  Adventure #33: Winter of the Wolf | Chapter I: “A Wolf in the Fold”
1624       03-04 FEB               Adventure #33: Winter of the Wolf | Chapter I: “Trail of the Wolf”
1624          04 FEB                  Adventure #33: Winter of the Wolf | Chapter I: “Metamorphosis”
1624          05 FEB                  Adventure #33: Winter of the Wolf | Chapter I: “Lair of the Werewolf”
1624          12 FEB                  English parliament comes together. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in court, where control of policy was shifting from James to Charles and Buckingham, who pressured the king to declare war and engineered the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Lionel Cranfield, by now made Earl of Middlesex, when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost. The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to finance a war against Spain.
1624          12 FEB                  Adventure #34: MAYhem | Chapter I: “A Brief Interlude at Zaton’s”
1624          14 FEB                  Adventure #34: MAYhem | Chapter I: “A New Assignment”
1624          15 FEB                  Adventure #34: MAYhem | Chapter I: “Finding Durgo”
1624       16-18 FEB               Adventure #34: MAYhem | Chapter I: “The Raid”
1624          18 FEB                  Adventure #34: MAYhem | Chapter I: “The Tunnels”
1624       23–26 FEB               Adventure #35: Full Moon | Chapter I: “Return to Soissons”
1624         Feb-Mar                 Adventure #32: Corsair Trouble | Chapter III: “The Loss of the Black Eel”
1624    27 Feb-04 Mar            Adventure #35: Full Moon | Chapter II: “Hunting for Answers”
1624         05 MAR                 Adventure #35: Full Moon | Chapter III: “The Howling”
1624           MAR                   Adventure #35: Full Moon | Chapter IV: “Aftermath”
1624         10 MAR                 England declares war on Spain.
1624         19 MAR                 Adventure #36: Rockets’ Red Glare | Chapter I: “Illegal Arrest”
1624         21 MAR                 Adventure #36: Rockets’ Red Glare | Chapter II: “Handoff”
1624      22-26 MAR              Adventure #37: The Duel | Chapter I: “Pike vs. Lance”
1624        late MAR                Adventure #37: The Duel | Chapter I: “Consequences and Challenges”
1624      MAR 22-29              Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter I: “Double Ambush”
1624        Late MAR               Adventure #38: The Novice
1624 30 MAR 30-1 APR        Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter II: “River Pirates”
1624           1 APR                  Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter III: “Sign of the Silver Hedgehog”
1624            APR                    In APR, at the continuing insistence of the queen mother, the king summons Cardinal Richelieu, the queen regent’s minister of state and war, to join the royal counsel as a minister without portfolio. The cardinal immediately begins to undermine the head of the council, the aged La Vieuville.
1624         1-2 APR                 Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter I: “Address and Cypher”
1624           2 APR                  Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter II: “The White Stallion”
1624           2 APR                  Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter IV: “Roman Ruins”
1624           3 APR                  Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter III: “Marriage Contract”
1624         3-4 APR                 Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter V: “Along the River Rhone”
1624         4-5 APR                 Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter VI: “A Pox Upon You”
1624         4-6 APR                 Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter IV: “Le Table du Morte”
1624           6 APR                  Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter VII: “A Boysterous Time in Arles”
1624         6-7 APR                 Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter VIII: “Running with the Bulls”
1624           7 APR                  Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter IX: “Gratitude of the Archbishop”
1624         8-9 APR                 Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter X: “The Road to Aix”
1624        7-10 APR                Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter V: “Bad Wine”
1624        9-10 APR                Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter XI: “Aix-in-Provence”
1624       11-12 APR               Book 8: Adventure #1: The Journey South | Chapter XII: “Distraction and Ambush”
1624       11-12 APR               Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter VI: “Spy Games”
1624          12 APR                 Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter VII: “The Mysterious Madame Corbeau”
1624       12-14 APR               Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter VIII: “Return of the Left Hand of God”
1624          14 APR                 Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter IX: “Eyes of Esus”
1624          15 APR                 Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter X: “Trail of the Witch”
1624       15-16 APR               Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter XI: “Mount Parnasse”
1624          17 APR                 Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter XII: “The Last Sacrifice”
1624       18-21 APR               Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter XIII: “Undoing the Ritual”
1624       21-22 APR               Adventure #39: Spycraft and Witchcraft | Chapter XIV: “Witchy Woman”
1624       22-24 APR               Adventure #39: Society of the Red Brotherhood | Chapter I: “Ambushed by the Ghost”
1624          24 APR                 Adventure #39: Society of the Red Brotherhood | Chapter II: “The Hunting Lodge”
1624        Late APR                Adventure #39: Society of the Red Brotherhood | Chapter III: “Treason in the Cemetery”
1624        Late APR                Adventure #39: Society of the Red Brotherhood | Chapter IV: “Playing the Game”
1624                                        Negotiations begin for the wedding of the king’s sister, Marie-Henriette, Madam Royal. These result in a wedding on 11 MAY 1625.
1624   30 APR-1 MAY          Adventure #39: MAY Day Party | Chapter I: “Bad Wine”
1624        1-2 MAY                Adventure #39: MAY Day Party | Chapter II: “Rats!”
1624         03 MAY                 Spanish silver fleet sails to Panama
1624         07 MAY                 Admiral Hermite’s Dutch fleet reaches Callao, the port of Lima, Peru
1624         08 MAY                 Hungarian king Bethlen Gabor & emperor Ferdinand II sign Treaty of Vienna
1624         10 MAY                 Jacob Willekens & Piet Heyn conquer Salvador, civil rights activist
1624         13 MAY                 Admiral Hermite’s Dutch fleet blockades the port of Callao and raids the cities of Pisco and Guayaquil.
1624           MAY                   Book 9: Adventure #1: Terror in the Sewers | Chapter I: “Not on the Menu”
1624      23-26 MAY              Book 9: Adventure #1: Terror in the Sewers | Chapter II: “Rats of an Unusual Size”
1624   27 MAY-3 JUN           Book 9: Adventure #1: Terror in the Sewers | Chapter III: “Shambler in the Sewers”
1624          02 JUN                  Admiral Hermite’s dies during the blockade of Callao after suffering from dysentery and scurvy for months. He is buried on San Lorenzo Island off the coast of Callao, Peru.
1624         4-5 JUN                 Book 9: Adventure #1: Terror in the Sewers | Chapter IV: “Gros Albert”
1624        6-12 JUN                Book 9: Adventure #1: Terror in the Sewers | Chapter V: “Hugo the Hunchback”
1624          08 JUN                  Earthquake strikes Peru
1624          10 JUN                  Netherlands & France sign the Treaty of Compiègne, an anti-Spanish peace treaty. France offered an immediate loan of 480,000 thalers plus installment payments over 3 years in return for naval support from the Dutch including a Dutch fleet for the Capture of Île de Ré (16 SEP 1625)
1624                                        The Dutch fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral Gheen Huygen Schapenham and Rear-Admiral Julius Wilhelm Van Verschoor, is unsuccessful in establishing a colony in Peru and is forced to continue its voyage westwards towards the Dutch East Indies.
1624          16 JUN                  Judge directs colony of Virginia to English crown
1624         13 AUG                 After months of Cardinal Richelieu’s whisperings, the king dismisses La Vieuville in AUG amid charges of incompetence and installs Richelieu as the head of council and Chief Minister of France
1624         13 AUG                 The regiment d'Alincourt (Lyonnais) was brought up to strength. In 1625 it campaigned in Piemont, probably as a private regiment in the forces of François-Annibal d’Estrées, marquis de Coeuvres (see below).
1624                                        At Richelieu’s urging, the king orders François-Annibal d’Estrées, marquis de Coeuvres to take command of a force including 10 companies from the Normandy regiment and Vaubecourt (regiment from Lorraine), and 6 companies of the d’Estrées regiment, and three regiments (Diesbach, Schmidt, and Siders) of 1,000 Swiss mercenaries each and MAR across the Alps to join the Grisons in retaking the Valtelline from the Spanish. The queen mother is outraged at the alliance with the Protestant Grisons against the Catholic Spanish.
1624                                        Upcoming Military Campaigns
Crusade led by the Duke de Nevers.
Marquis de Coeuvres commands a French, Swiss, & Venetian force to free the Valtelline from the Spanish.
Constable de Lesdiguières commands the Army of Genoa sent to assist Savoy against the Genoese.
Duke de Guise commands a French fleet in support of the Army of Genoa.
1624                                        The Duke of Nevers, recently purchased five Dutch galleons for his Order of Christian Militia to transport the knights, men-at-arms, and instruments of war for a Crusade to liberate Morea (the Peloponnese peninsula, formerly a Frankish feudal state) from the Turks.
1624         28 AUG                 The Siege of Breda: The Dutch fortress city of Breda besieged by a Spanish army under Ambrogio Spinola.
1624         14 AUG                 Dutch fleet seizes Callao the Lima in Peru
1624          12 SEP                  1st submarine tested (London)
1624          01 OCT                 Nicolas Brûlart de Sillery ends his term as Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals on 1 OCT 1624. He is replaced by Étienne Ier d'Aligre: on 3 OCT 1624.
1624            OCT                    François-Annibal d’Estrées, marquis de Coeuvres leads his French troops south to rendezvous with three regiments of Swiss mercenaries.  They will depart from Chur Switzerland and cross the Alps to the Valtelline before the winter snows close the passes.
1624            NOV                   Anglo-French marriage treaty of NOV 1624 between Prince Charles and Henrietta Maria represents major shift in international allegiances.
1624         26 NOV                 The Marquis de Coeuvres and his army cross the Alps reach the borders of the Valtellina.
1624                                        Battle of Playa Honda-The Netherlands defeats Spain.
1625            JAN                    In JAN, the Huguenot Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise, younger brother of the duc de Rohan, occupies the Île de Ré,
1625          17 JAN                  Soubise strikes at the royal port of Blavet in Bretagne. With fleet of 12 small tartanes crewed by 100 sailors and 300 marines, the duke seizes 6 galleons leased by the admiral of France from the duc de Nevers’s Order of the Christian Militia, including La Vierge, the most powerful warship in the royal fleet. This begins the Second Huguenot Rebellion. The provincial governor, the duc de Vendôme, attempts to block Soubise and the fleet in the harbor with a heavy chain and shore batteries, but after two weeks Soubise escapes the harbor with the 6 galleons and most of his boats, giving him a fleet of 15 ships.
1625            JAN                    In JAN the duc de Lesdiguières, constable of France, leads the ‘Army of Genoa,’ a force of 23,000 men including the gendarmes du connétable and the Chevaux-légers, across the Alps to assist his friend and rival the duke of Savoy in war against Genoa; the constable is to be supported by a combined Franco-Dutch naval squadron commanded by the duc de Guise.
1625            FEB                    Soubise occupies the Ile d'Oléron taking control of the Atlantic coast from Nantes to Bordeaux. Through these deeds, he is recognized as the head of the reform, and names himself "Admiral of the Protestant Church". The French Navy, by contrast, is depleted, leaving the central government very vulnerable.
1625            FEB                    In FEB Constable Lesdiguières’ Army of Genoa and the duca di Savoia’s forces invade the Republic; in a coordinated offensive, thirty-five hundred French and an equal number of Rhetian Swiss mercenaries under the marquis de Coeuvres remove the Papal garrisons from the fortresses of the Valtelline in northern Italy, cutting off the Spanish Road from Italy to Flanders. The Spanish governor of Milan, the duque de Feria, sends six thousand soldiers under the command of Tommasso Caracciolo from Milan to reinforce the Genoese; the Genoese army of eleven thousand German mercenaries and local levies prepares for a seige of the capital city.
1625            FEB                    In FEB, Soubise’s fleet returns to La Rochelle and seizes the Île d’Oléron as well. He now commands the French coast from Nantes to Bourdeaux. In his humility, Soubise proclaims himself “Admiral of the Protestant Church.”
1625          01 FEB                  Recapture of Bahia from the Dutch-Decisive Spanish-Portuguese victory in the Dutch–Portuguese War.
1625           MAR                   In MAR the Admiral of the Levant’s galleys seize three Spanish ships en route to Genoa; the Spanish ships are carrying over six hundred thousand pieces of eight, silver to fund their wars in Italy and Flanders. The Spanish are outraged.
1625         27 MAR                 On 27 MAR, after suffering lengthy bouts of arthritis, gout, and fainting fits, King James I and VI succumbs to ague and apoplexy at his country palace in Hertfordshire. The Prince of Wales, who along with his favorite, the Duke of Buckingham, has been governing in James’ name for nearly a year, inherits the crowns of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland as Charles I.
1625           MAR                   By the end of MAR Carlo Emmanuele’s Savoyard army and Lesdiguières’ Army of Genoa have crossed the Apennines, driving back the Genoese. Moving on parallel lines, Carlo Emmanuele’s army ascends the Stura valley, storming Rossiglione; Lesdiguières follows the Lemmo, battling the bulk of the Genoese forces gathered at the Bochetta.
1625            APR                    d'Artagnan, a poor young nobleman, leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris, with the intention of becoming a Musketeer of the Guard.
1625            APR                    In early APR, Carlo Emmanuele routs the Genoese at Voltaggio, turns the forces blocking the French, and moves in view of the coast of the Ligurian Riviera; Genoa is only a few hours MAR away, and the Genoese nobles are scrambling to send their fortunes to Leghorn in Tuscany for safekeeping. But the fortress of Gavi remains at Lesdiguières’ rear, and the constable refuses to advance further, investing Gavi instead. To the frustration of the duke of Savoy, the offensive stalls during the two weeks required to reduce the fortress.
                                                At the battle of Monferrato on the border between Liguria and Piedmont, the French and Savoyard forces defeat the army of the Republic of Genoa.
1625            APR                    With the Huguenots in control of the coast, the duc de Rohan assembles a small force in the north of Languedoc, to threaten the supply lines of a royal army sent to La Rochelle or Montauban, the two remaining Protestant strongholds.
1625           1 APR                  Spanish-Portuguese fleet led by Captain General of the Army of Brazil Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza arrives in Brazil after sailing from Lisbon
1625          04 APR                 Viceroy Frederik Henry marries Amalia countess von Solms-Braunfels
1625          07 APR                 Albrecht von Wallenstein appointed German supreme commander
1625          22 APR                 Gavi falls on 22 APR and the Savoyard and French army is free to advance on Genoa, but to Carlo Emmanuele’s frustration, Lesdiguières refuses. An Austrian force is assembling in Tyrol to attack Couvres’ forces in the Valtelline, freeing Feria to attack Piedmont from Lombardy, Lesdiguières reasons, cutting off his supply lines. Without the Duke de Guise’s fleet to defeat the marqués de Santa Cruz’s Neapolitan and Tuscan warships, there is no way to invest Genoa successfully-the French and Savoyard armies would starve before the walls of Genoa. The offensive ends, and the armies are forced to retire.
1625          23 APR                 On 23 APR, Maurice of Nassau, stadtholder of the United Provinces and a military innovator, dies; his younger brother, Prince Frederick Henry, succeeds him and is formally sworn in JUN 2.
1625         01 MAY                 Spanish-Portuguese fleet, led by Captain General of the Army of Brazil Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza, recaptures Salvador da Bahia (in present-day Brazil) from the Dutch West India Company; Dutch defenders aided by French volunteers
1625         01 MAY                 Prince Frederik Henry appointed viceroy of Holland
1625         11 MAY                 Princess Henriette Marie marries by proxy King Charles I in Paris at Notre Dame; the duc de Chevreuse stands in for the king; the ceremony is performed by Cardinal de La Rouchefoucauld. Dazzling finery is the order of the day among the participants and the next week is consumed by balls in honor of the new queen.
1625         11 MAY                 Boers besiege Frankenburg estate in Upper-Austria
1625         15 MAY                 16 rebellious farmers hanged in V’cklamarkt Upper-Austria
1625          02 JUN                  Prince Frederik Henry sworn in as viceroy of Holland/Zealand
1625         27 MAR                 Charles I becomes King of England; Charles is the first person to simultaneously succeed to the crown of both England and Scotland. James is buried at Westminster Abbey.
1625         Summer                 By summer, Montmorency, the Admiral of France, assembles a fleet of twenty Dutch warships and six English warships-a seventh English ship, an armed merchant, returns to England when guarantees of its value are not provided to the captain’s satisfaction. Originally the fleet was to attack Genoa, in support of the duke of Savoy and the constable of France, but the Huguenot rebellion forces Montmorency to protect his own coast, leaving the duc de Guise to harry the Spanish and Italian fleets in the Mediterranean as best he can with his small fleet of galleys and a handful of roundships. Neither the Dutch nor the English are eager to support the action against their co-religionists at La Rochelle, forcing the French to find crews for the English ships when the Anglican sailors debark at Dieppe.
1625                                        With the hostilities between the Spanish and French heating up, there is no grand caravan against the Turks in the Mediterranean this year. Instead, five galleys of the Knights of Saint John sack the town of Santa Maura in Leucadia. The knights, under the command of their general, Tallamey, return to Sicily, where they receive word of six corsair galleys nearby. Without taking on extra troops or supplies, Tallamey order the knights’ squadron to attack, engaging the corsairs one-one-one; after a hard fight with many casualties, the knights are forced to withdraw, losing two of their galleys, the San Giovanni and the San Francesco, to the corsairs.
1625         22 MAY                 The new queen’s procession leaves Paris for Calais. The king, ill, is unable to make the journey and bids his sister adieu at Compeigne, so Henriette Marie is escorted by the queen-mother, the queen-consort, and the Dauphin, her brother, as well as Earl of Carlisle, the newly-elevated Earl of Holland, and the Duke of Buckingham. The queen’s procession passes through Amiens, and it is rumored that here Buckingham, instigated perhaps by the duchesse de Chevreuse and her lover Holland, makes an advance on Queen Anne.
1625                                        The queen-mother, claiming illness, decides to stay in Amiens for the next month and keeps Anne with her; Henriette Marie is sent to Boulogne instead, escorted by Monsieur, and Buckingham is compelled to leave France. With an escort of twenty ships, Queen Henrietta Maria, as her English subjects will call her, departs France for England on 9 JUN.
1625          05 JUN                  The Seige of Breda:The Dutch fortress city of Breda falls to a Spanish army under Ambrogio Spinola following a year-long seige. The defeat by Spinola is a hard blow to the Dutch effort.
1625          09 JUN                  With an escort of twenty ships, Queen Henrietta Maria, as her English subjects will call her, departs France for England on 9 JUN.
1625       JUN-AUG               Charles I called his first Parliament in JUN of 1625  to raise money for war against Spain although he did not tell Parliament what the money was for. Parliament refused to give the full amount and gave only limited funds. Parliament restricted Charles to collect 'Tonnage and Poundage' for only one year. Before this 'Tonnage and Poundage' was collected at any time. There were concerns over Charles' marriage to his Roman Catholic wife and favoritism shown to her religion. Further concerns related to the Duke of Buckingham and his influence over the King. Charles dissolved the Parliament in AUG without achieving his aims
1625          13 JUN                  English King Charles I marries Henrietta Maria de Bourbon in St AUGine's Church at Canterbury
1625             JUL                    In JUL, the duque de Feria attacks Savoy from Milan, seizing the town of Acqui and advancing up the Valle Padana toward Turin. Carlo Emmanuele and the marquis de Créqui, replacing his father-in-law Lesdiguières as the constable, stricken with fever, returns to Dauphiné, turn their armies to meet the Spanish, Milanese, and Austrian forces of the duque.
1625          16 JUL                  The royal fleet under Montmorency meets the Huguenot fleet under Soubise at the Battle of Pertuis Breton. In an otherwise inconclusive engagement, Soubise succeeds in blowing up the flagship of the Dutch vice-admiral, Van Dorp, killing some three hundred sailors.
1625            AUG                   Britain is affected by another outbreak of the plague
1625         05 AUG                 Feria’s invasion of Savoy is stopped near Verrua by the combined Savoyard and French forces; the two sides settle into a siege of the city.
1625         06 AUG                 Earl Earnest Casimir appointed as viceroy of Groningen
1625         16 AUG                 Earnest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz appointed viceroy of Drenthe
1625         08 AUG                 The Huguenot city of La Rochelle votes to join Soubise in rebellion
1625             SEP                    Huguenot Rebellions: The Recovery of Ré Island (French: Reprise de l'Île de Ré) was accomplished by the army of Louis XIII in SEP 1625, against the troops of the Protestant admiral Soubise and the Huguenot forces of La Rochelle, who had been occupying the Island of Ré since FEB 1625 as part of the Second Huguenot rebellion.
1625          13 SEP                  16 Rabbis (including Isiah Horowitz) are imprisoned in Jerusalem
1625          17 SEP                  Montmorency’s royal fleet clashes with the Rochellais squadrons off Saint-Martin de Ré; the Huguenot fleet is defeated.
1625          18 SEP                  Montmorency’s lands two regiments of picked troops commanded by the seigneur de Toiras on the Île de Ré, where they invest the Huguenot defenders’ fortifications.
1625          24 SEP                  Dutch attack San Juan, Puerto Rico
1625          06 OCT                 At the direction of the Lord High Admiral the Duke of Buckingham, a combined English and Dutch fleet of 100 ships and 15,000 men departs for Spain; the destination of the raid is a secret.
1625          08 OCT                 Admiral George Villiers' fleet sails from Plymouth to Cadiz
1625            OCT                    Failure of Cadiz expedition. A fleet of English warships was ordered by the Duke of Buckingham to sail to southern Spain to intercept Spanish ships bringing back treasure from South America. They failed to capture any ships and turned their attention to Cadiz. Although the troops landed and took the harbor they were poorly provisioned. Finding large amounts of wine the troops became drunk and the attack was reduced to a complete failure. The expedition returned to England in shame. See also Villiers, George (1st Duke of Buckingham).
1625          25 OCT                 Battle of Elmina (1625)– Failed Dutch attempt to take a Portuguese fortress.
1625         01 NOV                 The English fleet, commanded by Sir Edward Cecil, descends on the Spanish port of Cádiz, seizes a small fortress but fails to capture the ships in the harbor or the town. Spanish resistance is formidable; the poorly supplied English are drink captured wine instead of water, leaving the crews in no condition to fight.
1625         07 NOV                 Unable to take the town, Cecil withdraws leaving 1,000 drunken Englishmen to be put to the sword by the Spanish. The fleet sets out to find the Spanish treasure fleet returning from the West Indies instead.
1625            NOV                   Unable to defeat the dug-in Savoyard and French troops at Verrua, Feria, his army ravaged by disease and desertion, lifts the siege and begins the retreat toward the Milanese frontier in mid-NOV.
1625                                        Rumors that the English and Dutch fleet sacked Cádiz and is on its way to aid in a renewed attack on Genoa circulate through the courts of Paris and Turin; the fleet’s actual fate is unknown until late DEC, after it limps home to England, many of the ships battered by storms, the crews wracked by disease, with nothing to show for the expedition.
1625                                        By the end of fall, Toiras captures the island, as well as its neighbor, the Île d’Oléron, which together command the roads of La Rochelle; it’s said that hundreds of the Huguenot defenders are drowned in the marshes of the islands during the fighting. Soubise flees to England with the remainder of his fleet. Toiras is named governor of Ré for his success.
1625          09 DEC                 Treaty of the Hague. A treaty signed by England and the Netherlands agreeing to pay Christian IV of Denmark a large sum of money to maintain his campaign in Germany as part of the Thirty Years War.
1626                                        Start of the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)
1626          17 JAN                  Battle of Wallhof –– Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeats a Polish force (Polish–Swedish War)
1626          02 FEB                  Charles I of England crowned at Westminster Abbey.
1626          05 FEB                  The Treaty of Paris was a peace agreement between king Louis XIII and the city of La Rochelle (Huguenots) on 5 FEB 1626, preserving religious freedom but imposing some guaranties against possible future upheavals: La Rochelle was prohibited from keeping a war fleet and had to destroy a fort in Tasdon. The contentious Fort Louis under Royal control near the western gate of the city was supposed to be destroyed "in reasonable time."
1626            FEB                    Charles called his second Parliament again to raise funds for his military exploits. To improve his chances of success Charles gave appointments of County Sheriff to those who had previously opposed him. It was not possible for Sheriffs to be members of the Commons. Parliament was led by Sir John Eliot who criticised the King's and Buckingham's failed military expeditions. Charles dissolved Parliament again without getting his funds
1626            FEB                    London’s plague diminishes.
1626         05 MAR                 The Treaty of Monçon signed by Cardinal Richelieu and Count-Duke of Olivares at Monçon (modern Monzón) in Aragon. It was signed after the French capture of Valtelline from Papal troops, and concluded the First Genoese-Savoyard War.
Includes secret peace treaty with Spain.
1626          25 APR                 Battle at the Dessauer bridge: Monarch Albrecht von Wallenstein beats Earl of Mansfeld
1626         04 MAY                 Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherlands
1626         06 MAY                 Dutch colonist Paul Minuit buys Manhattan Island from Indians for $24 in trinkets (cloth & buttons)
1626                                        Rumors of secret peace treaty with Spain and  French naval build convince England that France must be opposed "for reasons of state".
1626            JUN                    French attendants dismissed; Charles dismissed Henrietta's French entourage sending them back to France against the wishes of his wife. 6 out of 440 remained to look after her.
1626            JUN                    Walter Montagu sent to France to contact dissident noblemen.
1626          13 JUN                  England’s Charles I dissolved his 2nd Parliament after first arresting Sir John Eliot. Still short of money, Charles resorted to 'forced loans' from well-off people in the country. Those who did not pay were threatened with imprisonment without trial. Charles also forced people to give shelter and food to his soldiers.
1626          05 JUL                  Battle at Lenz: Rebel Austrian Boers defeated
1626          30 JUL                  Earthquake hits Naples; 10,000 die
1626         01 AUG                 Earl Earnest Casimir conquerors Oldenzaal
1626         27 AUG                 Battle at Lutter am Berenberge: Catholic League beats Danish king Christian IV during Thirty Years' War
1626          30 Sept                  Battle between king Bethlen G bor & earl Mansfeld-Wallenstein ends
1626          18 Nov                  St-Petruskerk in Rome, initiated
1626          01 Dec                  Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh tyrannical gov of Jerusalem, driven out
1626          20 Dec                  Emperor Ferdinand II/Transylvanian monarch G bor Betlen signs Peace of Pressburg
1627           MAR                   Walter Montagu, in France since the previous summer, started to organize a French rebellion by Henri, Duke of Rohan, and his brother Soubise to be triggered by England sending a fleet in support of the Huguenot revolt.
1627     20 Jul-19 Aug            Siege of Groenlo, after a 30-day siege, a Dutch army led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange liberates the city from Spanish rule.
1627         07 AUG                 Battle of Dirschau-Indecisive battle during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)
1627                                        Battle of Oliwa Battle in the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29). It was the biggest and the last naval battle of the Polish royal navy.
1627                                        Beginning of the Second Huguenot Rebellions  against Louis XIII (1627-1629)
1627            JUN                    Buckingham organizes a fleet of 80-100 ships and 6,000 men in order to help the Huguenots.
1627          12 JUL                  The English. under the command of the Duke of Buckingham invade the Île de Ré, landing at the beach of Sablanceau thus starting an Anglo-French War (1627–29) with the objective of controlling the approaches to La Rochelle.. A Royal French force of 1,200 infantry and 200 horsemen under the Marquis de Toiras, the island's Governor, resisted the landing. This led to the Seige of Saint-Martin-de-Ré which ended in OCT.
1627            AUG                   Start of the Siege of La Rochelle.
1627                                        After the end of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1621, the Spanish Habsburg rulers entrusted Rubens with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1624 the French ambassador wrote from Brussels: "Rubens is here to take the likeness of the prince of Poland, by order of the infanta" (Prince Władysław IV Vasa arrived in Brussels as the personal guest of the Infanta on 2 SEP 1624).
Between 1627 and 1630, Rubens's diplomatic career was particularly active, and he moved between the courts of Spain and England in an attempt to bring peace between the Spanish Netherlands and the United Provinces. He also made several trips to the northern Netherlands as both an artist and a diplomat. At the courts he sometimes encountered the attitude that courtiers should not use their hands in any art or trade, but he was also received as a gentleman by many. It was during this period that Rubens was twice knighted, first by Philip IV of Spain in 1624, and then by Charles I of England in 1630. He was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University in 1629.
1627                                        Cordóva, Spain’s governor in Milan, since 1627 warns Spain of the impending crisis (in Mantua, Monferrato, and Casale). He receives no instructions because Olivares is busy with the Dutch War. Left to his own devices, he decides to settle Spain’s long-standing tension with Savoy at Mantua’s expense and signs a pact with Duke Carlo Emmanuelle of Savoy on 25 DEC 1627 to partition Monferrato, with Casale going to Spain. He writes to Spain two days later requesting permission to occupy Monferrato in the emperor’s name.
1628            FEB                    Opinion is divided in Madrid, especially following Spinola’s arrival in FEB, but the government infers from Cordova’s letter that he already holds Casale and sanctions the seizure.
1628           MAR                   Charles of England called his Third Parliament intent on getting money for more military campaigns. He wanted to finance another attack on La Rochelle. Parliament refused to give any money unless the king agreed to terms set out in the 'Petition of Right'. Charles agreed to the Petition and Parliament gave him the money he required.
1628         29 MAR                 Cordova finally moves against Casale despite the Army of Lombardy being undermanned. Only 10,000 men are collected, while Savoy fields 5,500.
1628                                        The combined forces of Spain and Savoy overrun their respective halves of Monferrato, but stall before Casale. The commandant of Charles, Duke of Nevers, calls Cordova’s bluff that he claims to have a letter from the emperor summoning Casale to surrender. Cordova is obliged to send to Genoa for engineers, artillery, and a large loan so he can begin a formal siege of Casale.
1628                                        The delay allows Charles Duke of Nevers to gather 13,500 militia and mercenaries in Casale and Mantua, while another 6,600 under General d’Huxelles are raised on his French estates. Safe behind Mantua’s walls, the Duke of Nevers rejects Spanish and imperial proposals to surrender Casale in return for recognition.
1628          26 JUN                  Parliament dissolved. Although Parliament had agreed to give the King his money, it also pressed for the arrest of Buckingham. To protect Buckingham, Charles dissolved Parliament.
1628            AUG                   Key figures in France still opposed intervention in Mantua and Monferrato and the governors of Burgundy, Roger de Bellegarde, and the Dauphine do their best to frustrate d’Huxelles’ preparations to reinforce Casale for the Duke of Nevers. With his men deserting, d’Huxelles makes a dash across the Alps towards Casale in AUG, but is caught and his army dispersed by Savoyard troops.
1628         23 AUG                 Buckingham murdered; John Felton, a sailor with either a personal or political grudge against Buckingham, stabbed the Duke in Portsmouth during a breakfast meeting. Felton did not flee but gave himself up. John Felton was found guilty of murder and hanged [Milady]
1628          28 OCT                 La Rochelle surrenders. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle
1628                                        The siege of La Rochelle ends in 1628, as does the book, The Three Musketeers. At the end of the book, Aramis retires to a monastery, Porthos marries his wealthy mistress, and Athos serves in the Musketeers under D'Artagnan until 1631, when Athos retires to his mansion in the countryside. “Rochelle, at Suze, at Perpignan: Dumas’s d’Artagnan had taken part in the siege of La Rochelle in 1628 and, we now learn, in those at Suze (1629) and Perpignan (September 1642). Charles de Batz, the historical d’Artagnan, was present at the latter but was too young to fight the Protestants for Richelieu in the late 1620s.
1628                                        Battle in the Bay of Matanzas Dutch fleet led by Admiral Piet Hein was able to defeat and capture the Spanish treasure fleet.
1629          12 FEB                  Battle of Górzno-Swedish victory during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)
1629         06 MAR                 Pas de Suze or the Siege of Suze was an assault on an Alpine mountain pass. The King’s Musketeers, including Dumas’s d’Artagnan (though not the historical Charles de Batz), along with the French Guards formed the forlorn hope who led the assault.
1629          30 APR                 Siege by the Dutch of 's-Hertogenbosch, a city loyal to the Spanish king (30 APR 1629-14 SEP 1629)
1629         13 MAY                 Birth of Charles's first child: Henrietta gave birth to her first child, Charles James Stuart, but he died the same day.
1629         14 MAY                 Louis XIII lays siege to Privas; the Siege lasts from 14 MAY 1629 until the town’s capture on 28 MAY 1629.
1629          17 JUN                  Siege of Alès was undertaken by Louis XIII of France, and the city captured in 17 JUN 1629.
At the end of the siege, Henri, Duke of Rohan, the leader of the Huguenot rebellion, submitted to the King.
1629          25 JUN                  Battle of Trzciana-Polish victory during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)
1629         21 AUG                 Redition of Montauban occurred on 21 AUG 1629, when the Huguenot city of Montauban surrendered to the Catholic troops of the French king Louis XIII under the direction of Cardinal Richelieu.
1629          14 SEP                  Dutch capture 's-Hertogenbosch, a city loyal to the Spanish king (30 APR 1629-14 SEP 1629)
1629          27 SEP                  The Peace of Alès, also known as the Edict of Alès or the Edict of Grace, was a treaty negotiated by Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders and signed by King Louis XIII of France on 27 SEP 1629.
1630                                        French TV series “The Flashing Blade” historical fiction. The series revolves around the efforts of a dashing French spy to engineer the garrison's rescue. Francois, the Chevalier de Recci, and his servant Guillot are trapped in a besieged castle on the border between France and Spain. When the Spanish elite hear of a possible truce between France and Spain some of them do not want a truce because the capture of the castle has greater strategic importance. They begin a bombardment order to capture the French castle before any form of ceasefire agreement is signed. The garrison commander, General Thoiras, recruits Francois and Gullot to break through Spanish lines to get word of the attack to the French Army. The pair, with their superior swordplay and horsemanship, embark on a daring mission evading capture, enemy spies and pursuing soldiers to deliver their message. The series ends with the Chevalier bringing news of the peace conference's decision to the Spanish Forces surrounding the castle
See http://www.thechestnut.com/flashing.htm for episode summaries and pictures.
1630                                        Siege of Recife (1630) the Dutch captured Recife, in Portuguese Brazil. This began a war over Brazil, which would see the Dutch establish a colony called New Holland.
1631           MAY                   Battle of Magdeburg (ended 20 MAY) Imperial Soldiers capture and pillage town.
1631         10 AUG                 Battle of Albrolhos– Spanish Admiral Oquendo defeated the Dutch after a six-hour naval battle.
1631          17 SEP                  Battle of Breitenfeld Saxons and Swedes defeat Catholics under Tilly
1631                                        Battle of the Slaak Crushing Dutch victory over the Spanish fleet.
1632          05 APR                 Battle of Rain Count of Tilly killed in battle with the Swedes.
1632          09 JUN                  Capture of Maastricht– Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange eventually captured the city from Spanish forces.
1632                                        Battle of Lützen Protestant Swedish forces defeat Catholics but King Gustavus Adolphus is killed
1634       06–07 FEB               Battle of Nördlingen –Imperial Army 33,000 troops, Protestant forces 25,000 troops. At the end of the day, 12,000 Protestants are dead, another 4,000 captured, including Swedish army leader Gustaf Horn.
1636                                        Battle of Wittstock-Sweden defeats an army of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire
1637                                        Battle of Elmina (1637)-The Dutch captured Fort Elmina from the Portuguese.
1637                                        Battle of Mombaldone-Victor Amadeus I of Savoy defeats a Spanish army.
1637                                        Siege of Breda Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange retook the city.
1638                                        1638 Battle of Kallo-William of Nassau tried to surround the city of Antwerp.
1639                                        Battle of the Downs-Spanish navy defeated by Dutch in English Channel.
1639          30 SEP                  Action of– Naval battle in the Dutch–Portuguese War. The Dutch ships captured and destroyed 3 Portuguese galleons
1640                                        The first 4 acts of Rostand’s play Cyrano de Bergerac the final act is in 1655.
1640                                        Siege of Arras http://www.fortified-places.com/sieges/arras1640.html
1641                                        Battle of Malacca-Dutch efforts effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power.
1641                                        Capture of Luanda-The Dutch captured Luanda from the Portuguese.
1642         26 MAY                 Battle of Honnecourt-Spanish victory against a French army
1642          23 OCT                 Battle of Edgehill-First battle of English Civil War, a draw
1642          23 OCT                 Second Battle of Breitenfeld-Swedish victory over Holy Roman Empire
1642             SEP                    Siege of Peripgnan, French and Catalan forces capture the town from the Spanish. The King’s Musketeers and Dumas’s d’Artagnan (as well as the historical Charles de Batz) take part.
1642         12 NOV                 Battle of Brentford-Royalist cavalry defeats Roundheads, but have to retreat later
1642                                        Battle of Lostwithiel (1642)
1643         14 MAY                 Louis died. His five-year-old son Louis XIV succeeded him. Cardinal Mazarin became regent.
1643         19 MAY                 Battle of Rocroi French under Duc d'Enghien destroy Spanish military supremacy in Europe.
1643          30 JUN                  Battle of Adwalton Moor Royalists beat Roundheads near York
1643          04 JUL                  Battle of Burton Bridge Royalists capture Burton from the Roundheads
1643          05 JUL                  Battle of Lansdowne Royalists and Roundheads tie near Bath
1643          13 JUL                  Battle of Roundway Down Royalists crush Roundheads in West Country
1643          20 Sept                  First Battle of Newbury Roundheads save London from Royalists
1643          24 Nov                  Battle of Tuttlingen
1644          30 JAN                  Battle of Ochmatów-- Polish-Lithuanian army defeat Crimean Tatars
1644          29 JUN                  Battle of Cropredy Bridge Charles defeats Roundheads under William Waller
1644          02 JUL                  Battle of Marston Moor Oliver Cromwell Roundheads defeat king Charles I of England's Cavaliers securing the North for the Puritans
1644            AUG                   Battle of Freiburg– French and Bavarians defeat Austrians
1644          01 Sept                  Battle of Tippermuir Montrose's Royalists defeat Elcho's Covenanters
1644          02 Sept                  Battle of Lostwithiel Royalists surround Roundheads west of Plymouth
1644          13 Sept                  Battle of Aberdeen (1644) Royalist victory during Scottish Civil War
1644          27 OCT                 Second Battle of Newbury Roundheads block Charles' return to London
1644                                        Battle of Jüterbog-Sweden defeats Holy Roman Empire
1644                                        Battle of Lagoscuro-Allied Castro (city), Republic of Venice, Modena, and Tuscany forces defeat the papal army
1645         03 AUG                 Second Battle of Nördlingen (or Battle of Allerheim)-French forces are victorious over an army fielded by the Holy Roman Empire.
1645          02 FEB                  Battle of Inverlochy Highlanders defeat covenanters
1645          23 FEB                  Battle of Jankau
1645                                        Siege of Hulst-The heavily fortified town of was conquered by Dutch troops commanded by Frederick Henry after only 28 days.
1645         09 MAY                 Battle of Auldearn Royalist victory during Scottish Civil War.
1645          14 JUN                  Battle of Naseby Cromwell's Ironsides defeat Charles' Cavaliers
1645          02 JUL                  Battle of Alford Covenanters defeated by Royalists under Montrose
1645         03 AUG                 Second Battle of Nördlingen French victory during Thirty Years' War.
1645         03 AUG                 Battle of Tabocas– Aka Battle of Mount Tabocas, battle between the Dutch and the Portuguese army.
1645         15 AUG                 Battle of Kilsyth James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats Covenanters in decisive battle
1645          13 SEP                  Battle of Philiphaugh Covenanters under General David Leslie surprise Montrose in camp, Montrose runs away
1646                                        Battle of Benburb-Irish Ulster army under Owen Roe O'Neill defeat Scots
1646                                        Battles of La Naval de Manila-Two quickly fitted out Spanish-Filipino crewed Manila galleons repel a Dutch invasion fleet in 5 separate battles
1647                                        Battle of Dungans Hill, Irish Leinster army destroyed by Parliamentarians
1647                                        Battle of Knocknanuss, Irish Munster army destroyed in Cork by Inchiquin
1647          10 JUN                  Battle of Puerto de Cavite Spanish defenders defeat Dutch invasion in the Philippines during Eighty Years' War
1647          29 OCT                 Battle of Kombi– Decisive Dutch victory over the Portuguese Empire
1648                                        Battle of Lens-French forces, once again, defeat the Holy Roman Empire's Imperial army.
1648                                        Battle of Maidstone
1648                                        Battle of St Fagans
1648                                        Siege of Pembroke
1648          18 APR                 First Battle of Guararapes– Dutch and Portuguese forces in Pernambuco, in a dispute for the dominion of that part of Brazil
1648         17 MAY                 Battle of Zusmarshausen French and Swedish defeat Holy Roman Empire
1648                                        Battle of Prague
1648                                        Battle of Preston 17 AUG Cromwell defeats William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton
1648                                        Battle of Lens 20 AUG
1648                                        First Battle of Guararapes
1648                                        Dumas novel Twenty Years After.
1648            AUG                   Fronde: Cardinal Mazarin ordered the arrest of the leaders of the parlement of Paris, which provoked widespread rioting.
1648          24 OCT                 Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Westphalia ended the war with France obtaining the better bargain, and annexing eastern territories.
1649                                        Second Battle of Guararapes, Portuguese forces defeat the Netherlands and conquer Pernambuco
1649                                        Battle of Rathmines, an army composed of Irish and Royalist soldiers is destroyed, paving the way for the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1649                                        Destruction of Huronia, force of 1200 armed Iroquois destroy Huron villages of St. Louis and St. Ignace near southern Georgian Bay, Canada, initiating Huron dispersal.
1650                                        Battle of Dunbar
1657          19 OCT                 English East India Company receives new charter and capital to focus on trade in India
1658                                        Battle of Dunes-A combined Anglo-French army is victorious over the Spanish.
1659                                        Franco-Spanish War: Victorious France signs the Treaty of the Pyrenees with Spain and annexes northern Catalonia and French Flanders. The war confirms France as the dominant continental power and Bourbon strength over the Habsburgs.
1660-1667                               Dumas’ The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later-"The Vicomte de Bragelonne", "Louise de la Vallière", and "The Man in the Iron Mask."
1664                                        Pieter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam to the English
1664                                        La Compagnie des INdes Orientales founded in France to operate in India
1668         02 MAY                 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: end of the War of Devolution. France obtains Lille and other territories of Flanders from Spain.
1670                                        The Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson’s Bay founded in London to exploit the fur trade in northern North America
1678                                        Treaties of Nijmegen: A series of treaties ending the Franco-Dutch war. France obtains the Franche-Comté and some cities in Flanders and Hainaut (from Spain).
1684         15 AUG                 Truce of Ratisbon: End of the War of the Reunions. France obtains further territories in the north-west from Spain.
1690                                        Battle of Fleurus-This naval battle sees the French victorious over the Anglo-Dutch.
1697          20 Sept                  Treaty of Ryswick: End of the Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance. Territorial changes were made in Europe and the colonial empires of the countries involved.

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